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International Youth Criminology Research Center
An Independent Research Platform for Criminology and Social Sciences Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Website: www.iycrc.site
Affiliations:
BS Criminology(Scholar),Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Sargodha.
Email: muzaffarabbas630@gmail.com
Muhammad Kamran
BS Criminology(Scholar),Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Sargodha.
Email: muhammadkamran6067@gmail.com
Rahila Kousar
BS Criminology(Scholar),Department of Criminology, University of Punjab Lahore
Email: abubaker32100321@gmail.com
Muhammad Hassan
BS Criminology(Scholar),Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Sargodha.
Email: Itshassanhere9009@gmail.com
Ayesha Arif
BS Criminology(Scholar),Department Criminology, University of Lahore
Email: ayeshaarif141981@gmail.com
Abstract: The Noor Mukadam case developed as one of Pakistan’s most significant criminal cases, placing the country’s criminal justice system under intense public and judicial scrutiny. This study evaluates the investigative strengths, institutional weaknesses, and gendered dimensions of the case to assess how the criminal justice system responded from investigation to final judicial determination. Specifically, the study explores two research questions: (1) What investigative effectiveness and systematic weaknesses were evident in the police investigation and judicial proceedings of the Noor Mukadam case? and (2) What broader gendered implications does the case reveal regarding women’s safety, gender-based violence, and criminal justice reform in Pakistan? Adopting a qualitative criminological and socio-legal approach, the study primarily employs doctrinal legal analysis of the judgments given by the Additional Sessions Court, Islamabad, and the Supreme Court of Pakistan, supported by statutory provisions, academic literature, legal commentaries, and human rights reports. The findings show that the investigation was reinforced by the effective use of forensic DNA analysis, CCTV footage, digital call data records, and the judicial acceptance of electronic evidence under the "Silent Witness" doctrine. Nevertheless, institutional deficiencies, including limitations in fingerprint evidence, concerns about crime scene management, and public skepticism surrounding potential elite influence, revealed persistent limitations within the criminal justice system. The study concludes that while the judicial response reinforced public confidence in the evidentiary value of forensic and digital evidence, sustainable gender justice requires stronger forensic infrastructure, improved investigative standards, institutional accountability, and comprehensive legal reforms to ensure equal access to justice for victims of gender-based violence.
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An insightful and well-structured research article that presents its findings with clarity and strong scientific evidence. The topic is highly relevant, and the discussion offers valuable contributions to the field.
ReplyDeleteThis article is really well written and very informative.
ReplyDeleteThe points were explained clearly and the flow kept me engaged throughout.
I especially liked how you broke down complex ideas into simple examples.
It’s helpful content like this that actually adds value.
Thank you for taking the time to write and share this.
Looking forward to reading more of your work.
This is a well-researched and thoughtful paper that effectively highlights the investigative strengths and legal progress made in the Noor Mukadam case, while also raising important questions about systemic improvements needed for women's safety. The authors have done commendable work in balancing legal analysis with social concerns, and their recommendations provide a solid foundation for future criminal justice reforms in Pakistan.
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